9+ Best Washing Machines in Nepal | 2024 Guide


9+ Best Washing Machines in Nepal | 2024 Guide

Automated laundry home equipment have gotten more and more widespread in Nepalese households, providing a big improve from conventional handwashing strategies. This shift is seen throughout numerous demographics, from city residences to rural properties, reflecting a rising demand for time-saving and labor-reducing gadgets. The provision of those home equipment ranges from primary top-loading fashions to extra superior front-loading machines with numerous options.

The rising adoption of this expertise contributes to improved hygiene, water conservation, and extra environment friendly use of time, notably helpful for ladies who historically bear the brunt of family chores. This alteration aligns with broader tendencies of electrification and modernization inside the nation, probably impacting water useful resource administration and day by day routines. The rising prevalence additionally fuels a burgeoning marketplace for equipment restore companies and spare components, creating new financial alternatives.

The next sections will discover the market dynamics, client preferences, environmental impression, and social implications of automated laundry expertise in Nepal, offering a deeper understanding of this evolving panorama.

1. Market Availability

Market availability considerably influences the adoption of washing machines in Nepal. Entry to a various vary of home equipment, encompassing numerous manufacturers, fashions, and worth factors, is essential for client selection. Restricted availability can prohibit choices, probably forcing customers to buy much less appropriate or costlier fashions. As an illustration, distant areas with restricted retail infrastructure might have entry to just a few primary fashions, usually at inflated costs as a result of logistical challenges. Conversely, city facilities with established retail networks and import channels usually provide a wider choice, fostering competitors and probably driving down costs. The presence of each home and worldwide manufacturers influences market dynamics, affecting product high quality, options, and after-sales companies.

The provision of spare components and certified technicians for repairs is immediately linked to market maturity. A sturdy provide chain for elements ensures well timed and cost-effective repairs, contributing to client confidence and long-term equipment usability. Lack of available components can result in prolonged downtime, elevated restore prices, and in the end, untimely substitute of home equipment, presenting a big barrier to adoption, notably in price-sensitive markets. Furthermore, the supply of financing choices, reminiscent of installment plans or loans, performs a task in increasing market attain, enabling customers with restricted upfront capital to buy home equipment.

In conclusion, sturdy market availability is crucial for profitable integration of washing machines into the Nepalese family. Addressing challenges associated to distribution networks, spare components availability, and entry to financing is essential for fostering a aggressive market and making certain long-term client satisfaction. This in the end contributes to the broader targets of improved dwelling requirements and financial improvement inside the nation.

2. Model Preferences

Model preferences play a big position within the Nepalese washer market, influencing client buying choices and shaping market dynamics. Understanding these preferences offers beneficial insights into client habits, product notion, and the aggressive panorama. A number of components contribute to model loyalty and buying choices, together with perceived high quality, options, worth, after-sales service, and model repute.

  • Perceived High quality and Sturdiness

    Shoppers usually affiliate particular manufacturers with larger high quality and sturdiness. This notion, influenced by word-of-mouth, promoting, and private expertise, can considerably impression buying choices. A model recognized for dependable and long-lasting merchandise might command a premium worth, whereas manufacturers perceived as much less sturdy might wrestle to realize market share, even with decrease costs. Within the context of Nepal, the place restore infrastructure is perhaps restricted, sturdiness is a very essential consideration.

  • Options and Expertise

    Client preferences for particular options, reminiscent of washing applications, load capability, and vitality effectivity, additionally affect model selection. Some customers prioritize superior options like computerized detergent meting out or specialised wash cycles, whereas others desire easier, extra user-friendly fashions. The provision of particular options inside a model’s product lineup can considerably impression its enchantment to totally different client segments. For instance, households might desire bigger capability machines, whereas people may prioritize compact and energy-efficient fashions.

  • Pricing and Worth Proposition

    Worth sensitivity is a big issue within the Nepalese market. Shoppers usually search one of the best worth for his or her cash, balancing worth with perceived high quality and options. Manufacturers providing aggressive pricing and enticing worth propositions usually tend to seize market share. This will result in a tiered market, with premium manufacturers concentrating on higher-income segments and extra budget-friendly manufacturers catering to price-conscious customers. Financing choices and installment plans also can affect model accessibility.

  • After-Gross sales Service and Guarantee

    Dependable after-sales service and complete warranties are essential for constructing model belief and making certain buyer satisfaction. Entry to approved service facilities, available spare components, and responsive buyer assist contribute to a optimistic model picture. In a market like Nepal, the place entry to certified technicians and spare components is perhaps restricted, robust after-sales assist generally is a key differentiator for manufacturers looking for to ascertain a loyal buyer base.

These interconnected components form model notion and affect client selections within the Nepalese washer market. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for producers looking for to ascertain a robust model presence and tailor their merchandise and advertising and marketing methods to fulfill the particular wants and preferences of Nepalese customers. This contributes to a extra aggressive market panorama and in the end advantages customers by larger selection and worth.

3. Affordability

Affordability performs a vital position within the adoption of washing machines in Nepal. Family revenue ranges considerably affect buying choices, and the price of a washer represents a considerable funding for a lot of households. The value of the equipment itself, coupled with potential ongoing bills like electrical energy and water consumption, should align with family budgets. This necessitates a variety of washer choices at numerous worth factors to cater to numerous financial demographics. The provision of financing choices, reminiscent of installment plans or microloans, also can considerably impression affordability and broaden entry to this expertise.

The preliminary buy worth isn’t the only determinant of affordability. Lengthy-term working prices, together with electrical energy and water consumption, contribute considerably to the general expense. Power-efficient fashions, whereas probably carrying a better upfront price, can result in long-term financial savings on electrical energy payments. Equally, water-saving options can cut back family water bills. Subsequently, understanding the whole price of possession, encompassing each preliminary funding and ongoing operational bills, is essential for customers making knowledgeable buying choices. Promotional gives, reductions, and seasonal gross sales additionally affect affordability and may drive market demand.

In conclusion, addressing affordability is crucial for increasing entry to washing machines in Nepal. A various market with choices throughout numerous worth factors, coupled with accessible financing mechanisms, empowers customers to decide on home equipment that align with their budgetary constraints. Selling vitality and water-efficient fashions contributes to long-term affordability and aligns with sustainable consumption practices. In the end, elevated entry to reasonably priced washing machines can positively impression high quality of life, unencumber time for different productive actions, and contribute to broader financial improvement.

4. Power Effectivity

Power effectivity is a crucial issue influencing the long-term sustainability and financial viability of washer utilization in Nepal. The nation’s growing infrastructure and reliance on hydropower necessitate conscious vitality consumption. Selling energy-efficient home equipment aligns with nationwide targets of sustainable improvement and lowered reliance on imported fossil fuels. Shoppers additionally profit immediately by decrease electrical energy payments. Understanding the varied aspects of vitality effectivity in washing machines empowers knowledgeable buying choices and contributes to accountable equipment utilization.

  • Power Star Scores and Labeling

    Worldwide vitality effectivity ranking techniques, reminiscent of Power Star, present standardized metrics for evaluating equipment vitality consumption. These scores, usually displayed on product labels, enable customers to rapidly assess the relative vitality effectivity of various fashions. Wider adoption of such labeling in Nepal may empower customers to make knowledgeable selections, driving demand for extra energy-efficient home equipment. This additionally incentivizes producers to prioritize vitality effectivity in product improvement.

  • Washing Machine Applied sciences and Design

    Technological developments in washer design immediately impression vitality effectivity. Entrance-loading machines typically eat much less water and vitality in comparison with top-loading fashions as a result of their totally different washing mechanisms. Options like inverter motors, which modify motor velocity based mostly on load measurement, contribute to vital vitality financial savings. Selling these applied sciences by consciousness campaigns and probably incentivizing their adoption may contribute to substantial vitality financial savings on the nationwide degree.

  • Utilization Habits and Finest Practices

    Client utilization habits considerably affect vitality consumption. Washing full hundreds, utilizing chilly water washes every time potential, and using eco-friendly detergents can considerably cut back vitality utilization. Public consciousness campaigns educating customers on energy-saving practices can complement technological developments, maximizing the potential for vitality conservation. Clear and accessible info on optimum washer utilization can empower customers to contribute actively to vitality effectivity.

  • Authorities Laws and Incentives

    Authorities insurance policies and laws play a key position in selling vitality effectivity. Incentivizing the import and sale of energy-efficient home equipment, establishing minimal vitality efficiency requirements, and offering rebates or tax breaks for customers buying energy-efficient fashions can create a market setting conducive to widespread adoption. Integrating vitality effectivity concerns into nationwide equipment requirements and constructing codes additional strengthens the dedication to sustainable equipment utilization.

These interconnected components spotlight the multifaceted nature of vitality effectivity within the context of washing machines in Nepal. Addressing these elements by a mix of client training, technological developments, and supportive authorities insurance policies is essential for reaching sustainable and economically viable equipment utilization. This contributes to each particular person family financial savings and nationwide vitality conservation targets, aligning with broader sustainable improvement goals.

5. Water Utilization

Water utilization is a big consideration concerning washing machines in Nepal. The nation’s numerous geography, starting from the Himalayas to the Terai plains, presents various water availability challenges. In areas with restricted water assets, the elevated water demand from washing machines can pressure native provides, notably throughout dry seasons. Conversely, areas with considerable water assets might expertise much less instant impression, however environment friendly water utilization stays essential for environmental sustainability and accountable useful resource administration. Understanding the connection between washer utilization and water consumption is essential for mitigating potential destructive impacts and selling sustainable practices.

Washer expertise performs a vital position in figuring out water consumption. Prime-loading machines usually use extra water per cycle in comparison with front-loading machines. Moreover, options like adjustable water ranges and eco-wash cycles can considerably cut back water utilization. Client habits additionally influences water consumption. Washing full hundreds, avoiding extreme pre-washing, and deciding on acceptable wash cycles tailor-made to laundry wants can reduce water waste. Educating customers on water-saving practices and selling water-efficient fashions can contribute to accountable water administration. For instance, selling front-loading machines or encouraging using particular wash cycles optimized for water conservation may considerably cut back family water consumption.

Balancing the comfort of washing machines with accountable water utilization is essential for sustainable improvement in Nepal. Selling water-efficient applied sciences, educating customers about water-saving practices, and implementing insurance policies that encourage accountable water administration are important steps. Addressing water shortage issues by rainwater harvesting techniques or exploring different water sources may additional mitigate the impression of elevated washer utilization. In the end, a complete method that considers each technological developments and behavioral adjustments is important to make sure the sustainable integration of washing machines into Nepalese households with out exacerbating present water useful resource challenges.

6. Restore Companies

The provision and high quality of restore companies are essential for the long-term viability and client acceptance of washing machines in Nepal. A dependable restore infrastructure ensures the longevity of home equipment, minimizes disruption brought on by malfunctions, and contributes to client confidence. Given the numerous funding represented by a washer buy, entry to well timed and efficient repairs is crucial. This part explores key aspects of restore companies inside the context of the Nepalese washer market.

  • Availability of Expert Technicians

    A enough variety of expert technicians educated in repairing numerous washer manufacturers and fashions is crucial. Restricted availability can result in prolonged ready instances for repairs, probably disrupting family routines and rising inconvenience. Coaching applications and certification initiatives can improve the technical experience of the restore workforce, making certain high quality repairs and selling skilled requirements inside the trade.

  • Entry to Spare Components

    Prepared entry to a complete stock of spare components is essential for well timed repairs. Delays in procuring vital elements can delay restore instances, rising client frustration and probably resulting in larger restore prices. Establishing environment friendly provide chains for spare components, probably by partnerships with producers or approved distributors, can streamline the restore course of and guarantee immediate decision of technical points.

  • Price of Repairs and Upkeep

    The price of repairs and routine upkeep considerably influences the general affordability of proudly owning a washer. Excessively excessive restore prices can deter customers from looking for skilled help, probably resulting in improper repairs or untimely equipment substitute. Clear pricing constructions and aggressive service charges contribute to client belief and encourage well timed upkeep, extending the lifespan of home equipment.

  • Guarantee Protection and Buyer Help

    Complete guarantee protection and responsive buyer assist play a significant position in making certain client satisfaction and defending their funding. Clear guarantee phrases, readily accessible customer support channels, and environment friendly claims processing contribute to a optimistic possession expertise. Sturdy after-sales assist builds model loyalty and encourages customers to hunt approved repairs, making certain high quality service and sustaining equipment efficiency.

These interconnected components spotlight the importance of strong restore companies inside the Nepalese washer market. Addressing challenges associated to technician coaching, spare components availability, and price transparency can improve client confidence, promote sustainable equipment utilization, and contribute to the general development and improvement of this sector. A well-established restore infrastructure is crucial for maximizing the advantages of washing machines and making certain their long-term contribution to improved dwelling requirements in Nepal.

7. Rural Adoption

Rural adoption of washing machines in Nepal represents a big shift in home practices, pushed by rising electrification, rising incomes in some rural areas, and a rising consciousness of the advantages related to automated laundry. This adoption, whereas gradual, holds vital implications for rural livelihoods, gender dynamics, and total high quality of life. Lowered time spent on handbook laundry permits for allocation of time to different productive actions, probably contributing to elevated family revenue or improved instructional alternatives, notably for ladies and women. Moreover, entry to washing machines can enhance hygiene and sanitation, lowering the danger of waterborne ailments related to conventional washing strategies in shared water sources.

Nevertheless, rural adoption additionally presents distinctive challenges. Restricted entry to dependable electrical energy provide, notably in distant areas, can hinder the efficient use of washing machines. Water availability is one other essential issue. In areas with restricted or seasonal water sources, the elevated water demand from washing machines can exacerbate present water shortage points. The provision of restore companies and spare components in rural areas additionally poses a problem. The absence of certified technicians and available elements can result in prolonged downtime and elevated restore prices, probably negating the financial advantages of proudly owning a washer. Moreover, affordability stays a big barrier for a lot of rural households. The preliminary buy worth, coupled with ongoing electrical energy and water prices, will be prohibitive, necessitating progressive financing options and focused subsidies to broaden entry.

Understanding the dynamics of rural adoption is essential for designing efficient methods to advertise sustainable and equitable entry to washing machines. Addressing the challenges associated to electrical energy entry, water availability, and restore infrastructure is crucial for maximizing the potential advantages of this expertise in rural communities. Additional analysis into the socio-economic impression of washer adoption in rural Nepal, together with its results on time use, revenue era, and gender roles, can inform coverage interventions and community-based initiatives geared toward selling equitable and sustainable entry. Selling acceptable applied sciences, reminiscent of solar-powered washing machines or fashions designed for low water consumption, can additional improve the suitability of those home equipment for rural contexts.

8. Social Impression

The rising prevalence of washing machines in Nepal has multifaceted social implications, impacting gender roles, time allocation, hygiene practices, and neighborhood dynamics. Understanding these social ramifications is essential for evaluating the broader penalties of this technological adoption and informing methods for equitable and sustainable integration.

  • Gender Roles and Home Labor

    Historically, ladies in Nepal bear the first accountability for family chores, together with laundry. The introduction of washing machines can considerably cut back the time and bodily labor related to handwashing, probably releasing up ladies’s time for different pursuits, reminiscent of income-generating actions, training, or neighborhood engagement. This shift can contribute to larger gender equality inside households and empower ladies to take part extra actively within the public sphere. Nevertheless, the extent to which this potential is realized relies on numerous components, together with cultural norms, financial alternatives, and entry to assets.

  • Time Allocation and Productiveness

    The time saved by automated laundry will be reallocated to different actions, impacting particular person productiveness and family well-being. This time will be invested in training, ability improvement, revenue era, or leisure actions, probably contributing to improved financial outcomes and enhanced high quality of life. For instance, kids might have extra time for schoolwork, whereas adults can pursue vocational coaching or interact in income-generating actions. The environment friendly use of this newfound time is essential for maximizing the advantages of washer adoption.

  • Hygiene and Sanitation

    Washing machines can contribute to improved hygiene and sanitation practices, notably in areas with restricted entry to wash water or correct sanitation amenities. Automated washing, particularly with sizzling water and detergent, can extra successfully take away dust and pathogens in comparison with conventional handwashing strategies, probably lowering the unfold of infectious ailments. This will have vital public well being implications, notably for susceptible populations. Nevertheless, it is essential to notice that the advantages of improved hygiene rely upon accountable water and detergent utilization.

  • Neighborhood Dynamics and Social Interactions

    The adoption of washing machines also can affect neighborhood dynamics and social interactions. Conventional communal washing areas, usually essential social hubs for ladies, might even see lowered exercise as extra households undertake particular person washing machines. Whereas this could provide larger privateness and comfort, it may additionally impression social connections and assist networks inside communities. Understanding these potential shifts is essential for mitigating any destructive social penalties and fostering neighborhood resilience.

These interconnected social impacts spotlight the advanced relationship between expertise adoption and societal change in Nepal. Whereas washing machines provide vital potential advantages when it comes to time financial savings, hygiene, and gender equality, it is essential to think about the broader social implications and implement methods that guarantee equitable entry and maximize optimistic outcomes whereas mitigating potential destructive penalties. Additional analysis into the evolving social dynamics surrounding washer adoption can inform coverage interventions and community-based initiatives geared toward selling inclusive and sustainable improvement.

9. Financial Implications

The rising prevalence of washing machines in Nepal has substantial financial implications, impacting family expenditures, native companies, employment alternatives, and the broader equipment market. The demand for laundry machines stimulates financial exercise, creating alternatives for importers, distributors, retailers, and restore technicians. This burgeoning market contributes to job creation and generates income inside the equipment sector. Moreover, the supply of washing machines can not directly affect different financial actions. The time saved on handbook laundry will be reallocated to income-generating actions, probably contributing to elevated family incomes and total financial productiveness. As an illustration, ladies who beforehand spent vital time on laundry can now interact in small companies, pursue additional training, or contribute to different productive actions. This elevated financial participation can have a optimistic ripple impact on native economies.

Nevertheless, the financial implications prolong past instant market exercise. The elevated demand for electrical energy related to washer utilization can pressure present energy grids and necessitate additional funding in vitality infrastructure. This highlights the significance of selling energy-efficient home equipment to mitigate the environmental and financial impression of elevated electrical energy consumption. Furthermore, the inflow of imported washing machines can impression the stability of commerce and probably have an effect on native manufacturing industries. Encouraging the event of a home equipment manufacturing sector, or selling the meeting of washing machines inside Nepal, may mitigate reliance on imports and stimulate native industrial development. For instance, partnerships between worldwide producers and native companies may foster expertise switch and create employment alternatives inside the nation.

The financial implications of washer adoption in Nepal current each alternatives and challenges. Whereas the rising market stimulates financial exercise and empowers people by time financial savings, cautious consideration should be given to the potential pressure on assets, the impression on native industries, and the necessity for sustainable consumption practices. Supporting native companies, selling vitality effectivity, and investing in sturdy restore infrastructure are essential for maximizing the optimistic financial outcomes and making certain the long-term sustainability of this technological shift. Additional analysis into the evolving financial panorama surrounding washer adoption can inform coverage interventions and assist strategic investments that profit each particular person households and the nationwide financial system.

Continuously Requested Questions on Washing Machines in Nepal

This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning the choice, utilization, and upkeep of washing machines within the Nepalese context. Understanding these elements can help customers in making knowledgeable choices and maximizing the advantages of this expertise.

Query 1: What are a very powerful components to think about when deciding on a washer in Nepal?

Key concerns embrace family measurement, out there house, price range constraints, water availability, and entry to dependable electrical energy. Power effectivity and water consumption charges are additionally essential components for long-term price financial savings and environmental accountability. The provision of native restore companies and spare components also needs to issue into the decision-making course of.

Query 2: Are front-loading washing machines extra appropriate for Nepal in comparison with top-loading machines?

Entrance-loading machines typically eat much less water and vitality, which will be advantageous in Nepal’s context of water useful resource administration and vitality conservation. Nevertheless, they usually have a better preliminary buy worth. The suitability of every kind relies on particular person family wants and price range.

Query 3: How can one make sure the longevity and environment friendly efficiency of a washer in Nepal?

Common upkeep, together with cleansing the lint filter and checking hoses for leaks, is crucial. Utilizing the suitable kind and quantity of detergent, together with avoiding overloading the machine, can optimize efficiency and delay its lifespan. Adhering to producer suggestions for utilization and upkeep is essential.

Query 4: What are the standard guarantee durations provided for laundry machines in Nepal, and what do they cowl?

Guarantee durations and protection fluctuate relying on the model and mannequin. Most producers provide a one-year guarantee on components and labor, whereas some prolong protection for particular elements just like the motor. It’s important to overview the guarantee phrases and situations earlier than buying a washer.

Query 5: What are the challenges related to repairing washing machines in rural areas of Nepal?

Restricted entry to certified technicians, the supply of spare components, and logistical challenges associated to transportation could make repairs in rural areas tougher and probably costlier. Selecting a model with a robust after-sales service community and available spare components is especially essential in rural contexts.

Query 6: What are the potential environmental impacts of elevated washer utilization in Nepal?

Elevated water and vitality consumption related to washer utilization can impression native assets and contribute to environmental issues. Selecting energy-efficient fashions, adopting accountable utilization habits, and selling sustainable water administration practices are important for mitigating these potential impacts.

Cautious consideration of those continuously requested questions can empower customers to make knowledgeable choices concerning washer choice, utilization, and upkeep, maximizing the advantages of this expertise whereas minimizing potential drawbacks.

This concludes the FAQ part. The next part will provide a comparative evaluation of various washer manufacturers out there in Nepal.

Important Suggestions for Washing Machine Homeowners in Nepal

This part gives sensible steerage for optimizing washer utilization, maximizing equipment lifespan, and minimizing related prices and environmental impression. Adhering to those suggestions can contribute to a extra environment friendly and sustainable laundry expertise.

Tip 1: Select the Proper Washing Machine Kind: Cautious consideration of family wants, price range, and out there house is essential when deciding on a washer. Entrance-loading machines typically provide superior vitality and water effectivity, whereas top-loading machines are sometimes extra reasonably priced and require much less upkeep. Consider out there options, reminiscent of specialised wash cycles and capability, to make sure alignment with laundry necessities.

Tip 2: Prioritize Power and Water Effectivity: Go for home equipment with excessive vitality star scores and water-saving options. This reduces long-term electrical energy and water payments whereas minimizing environmental impression.

Tip 3: Follow Correct Laundry Habits: Wash full hundreds every time potential to optimize useful resource utilization. Keep away from overloading the machine, as this could pressure the motor and cut back cleansing effectiveness. Make the most of chilly water washes for many laundry hundreds, as heating water accounts for a good portion of vitality consumption.

Tip 4: Use Acceptable Detergent and Dosage: Choose detergents formulated for laundry machines and observe really useful dosage tips. Extreme detergent utilization can go away residue on garments and contribute to water air pollution. Think about using eco-friendly detergents to attenuate environmental impression.

Tip 5: Implement Common Upkeep: Clear the lint filter often to forestall clogging and keep airflow, which contributes to environment friendly drying. Examine hoses for leaks and handle any points promptly to forestall water harm. Periodically clear the washer drum to take away residue and stop mildew development.

Tip 6: Shield the Equipment from Voltage Fluctuations: Voltage fluctuations, widespread in some areas of Nepal, can harm digital elements. Utilizing a voltage stabilizer can shield the washer from energy surges and prolong its lifespan.

Tip 7: Search Skilled Restore Companies When Wanted: Making an attempt DIY repairs on advanced digital home equipment can exacerbate issues. Seek the advice of certified technicians for troubleshooting and repairs to make sure secure and efficient decision of technical points.

Adhering to those tips contributes to environment friendly washer operation, extends equipment lifespan, and minimizes environmental impression. Knowledgeable decision-making and accountable utilization practices are important for maximizing the advantages of this expertise.

This concludes the guidelines part. The next part will present a concluding overview of the important thing themes mentioned all through this exploration of washing machines in Nepal.

Conclusion

This exploration of washing machines in Nepal has examined numerous aspects of their integration into the home sphere, from market dynamics and client preferences to social implications and financial penalties. Key concerns embrace affordability, vitality effectivity, water utilization, restore infrastructure, and the distinctive challenges and alternatives introduced by rural adoption. The evolving panorama of this expertise necessitates a nuanced understanding of its impression on households, communities, and the nation’s sustainable improvement trajectory. The interaction between technological developments, client habits, and supportive insurance policies shapes the long-term viability and societal impression of washing machines inside the Nepalese context.

Continued analysis and evaluation are essential for navigating the evolving panorama of washer adoption in Nepal. Addressing challenges associated to infrastructure improvement, sustainable useful resource administration, and equitable entry shall be important for maximizing the potential advantages of this expertise whereas mitigating potential drawbacks. A complete and forward-looking method, knowledgeable by data-driven insights and neighborhood engagement, will pave the best way for accountable and sustainable integration of washing machines into the material of Nepalese society.